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• Lorincz, Josip; Garma, Tonko; Petrovic, Goran 2012-01-01 Base stations represent the main contributor to the energy consumption of a mobile cellular network. Since traffic load in mobile networks significantly varies during a working or weekend day, it is important to quantify the influence of these variations on the base station power consumption. Therefore, this paper investigates changes in the instantaneous power consumption of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) base stations according to their respective traffic load. The real data in terms of the power consumption and traffic load have been obtained from continuous measurements performed on a fully operated base station site.

Measurements show the existence of a direct relationship between base station traffic load and power consumption. According to this relationship, we develop a linear power consumption model for base stations of both technologies. This paper also gives an overview of the most important concepts which are being proposed to make cellular networks more energy-efficient. • Henderson, S I; Bangay, M J 2006-01-01 This paper reports the results of an exposure level survey of radiofrequency electromagnetic energy originating from mobile telephone base station antennas. Measurements of CDMA800, GSM900, GSM1800, and 3G( UMTS) signals were performed at distances ranging over 50 to 500 m from 60 base stations in five Australian cities. The exposure levels from these mobile telecommunications base stations were found to be well below the general public exposure limits of the ICNIRP guidelines and the Australian radiofrequency standard (ARPANSA RPS3). The highest recorded level from a single base station was 7.8 x 10(-3) W/m(2), which translates to 0.2% of the general public exposure limit.

• Geronikolou, St. A.; Zimeras, S.; Tsitomeneas, S. 2016-03-25 The possible environmental impacts of cellular base stations are operational and biological.

The operational effects comprise Εlectro-Μagnetic Interference (EMI), lightning alterations and aesthetic degradation. Both thermal and non-thermal biological effects depend on the absorption of UHF radiofrequencies used. We measured, calculated and estimated the impact zones. The results are: (a) The lightning lethal zone equal to the antenna height, (b) the EMI impact in a zone up to 40m and (c) the ICNIRP’s limits exceed to a zone of 8∼20m into the antenna’s radiation pattern (for 2G GSM and 3G UMTS station). Finally we conclude the adverse effects must not expected in a zone of more than 150m from the radiated antenna, whereas, there is possibility of stochastic effects in intermediate distances (20/40-150m). • Maglogiannis, Ilias; Doukas, Charalampos; Kormentzas, George; Pliakas, Thomas 2009-07-01 Most of the commercial medical image viewers do not provide scalability in image compression and/or region of interest (ROI) encoding/decoding. Furthermore, these viewers do not take into consideration the special requirements and needs of a heterogeneous radio setting that is constituted by different access technologies [e.g., general packet radio services (GPRS)/ universal mobile telecommunications system ( UMTS), wireless local area network (WLAN), and digital video broadcasting (DVB-H)].

This paper discusses a medical application that contains a viewer for digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) images as a core module. The proposed application enables scalable wavelet- based compression, retrieval, and decompression of DICOM medical images and also supports ROI coding/decoding. Furthermore, the presented application is appropriate for use by mobile devices activating in heterogeneous radio settings. In this context, performance issues regarding the usage of the proposed application in the case of a prototype heterogeneous system setup are also discussed. • 2013-12-01 GSM network that were fixed in the UMTS standard; however, the mobile device must successfully access the UMTS network to take advantage of security.rapidly expanding.

Previous research identified vulnerabilities in the GSM network that were fixed in the UMTS standard; however, the mobile device.which is programed to trigger the transmission of a xi handover failure message based on the reception of a handover to UTRAN message by the Samsung • Hu, Y. F.; Sheriff, R. 1995-01-01 An algorithm for traffic volume estimation for satellite mobile communications systems has been developed.

This algorithm makes use of worldwide databases for demographic and economic data. In order to provide for such an estimation, the effects of competing services have been considered so that likely market demand can be forecasted. Different user groups of the predicted market have been identified according to expectations in the quality of services and mobility requirement. Canada Goose Купить. The number of users for different user groups are calculated taking into account the gross potential market, the penetration rate of the identified services and the profitability to provide such services via satellite. H.; Haezah, M. N.; Norbakyah, J. S. Le Petit Robert 2009 Isotretinoin. ; Salisa, A.

2015-12-01 Driving cycles were identified as one of the core sources that contribute to develop the powertrain for vehicle. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are the future transport for next generation.

Compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicle, hybrid and electric vehicle can improve fuel economy and reduce green house gases. This paper describes a development of Kuala Terengganu driving cycle for Universiti Malaysia Terengganu PHEV. Car speed-time data along the two selected fixed route is obtained by using on-board technique which is Global Positioning System, GPS. The developed driving cycle contains a 1050s speed time series, with a distance of 2.17 km, and an average and a maximum speed of 20.67 km/h and 61.47 km/h, respectively. The results obtained from this analysis are within reasonable range and satisfactory. • Whitaker, Ryan M.; Stallons, L.

Jay; Kneff, Joshua E.; Alge, Joseph L.; Harmon, Jennifer L.; Rahn, Jennifer J.; Arthur, John M.; Beeson, Craig C.; Chan, Sherine L.; Schnellmann, Rick G. 2015-01-01 Recent studies show the importance of mitochondrial dysfunction in the initiation and progression of acute kidney injury (AKI). However, no biomarkers exist linking renal injury to mitochondrial function and integrity. To this end, we evaluated urinary mitochondrial DNA ( UmtDNA) as a biomarker of renal injury and function in humans with AKI following cardiac surgery. MtDNA was isolated from the urine of patients following cardiac surgery and quantified by qPCR.

Patients were stratified into no AKI, stable AKI and progressive AKI groups based on Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) staging. UmtDNA was elevated in progressive AKI patients, and was associated with progression of patients with AKI at collection to higher AKIN stages. To evaluate the relationship of UmtDNA to measures of renal mitochondrial integrity in AKI, mice were subjected to sham surgery or varying degrees of ischemia followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. UmtDNA increased in mice after 10-15 minutes of ischemia and positively correlated with ischemia time. Furthermore, UmtDNA was predictive of AKI in the mouse model.

Finally, UmtDNA levels were negatively correlated with renal cortical mtDNA and mitochondrial gene expression. These translational studies demonstrate that UmtDNA is associated with recovery from AKI following cardiac surgery by serving as an indicator of mitochondrial integrity. Thus, UmtDNA may serve as valuable biomarker for the development of mitochondrial targeted therapies in AKI. PMID:26287315 • Kawai, Hiroyuki; Morimoto, Akihito; Higuchi, Kenichi; Sawahashi, Mamoru This paper investigates the gain of inter-Node B macro diversity for a scheduled- based shared channel using single-carrier FDMA radio access in the Evolved UTRA ( UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) uplink based on system-level simulations. More specifically, we clarify the gain of inter-Node B soft handover (SHO) with selection combining at the radio frame length level (=10msec) compared to that for hard handover (HHO) for a scheduled- based shared data channel, considering the gains of key packet-specific techniques including channel-dependent scheduling, adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), hybrid automatic repeat request (ARQ) with packet combining, and slow transmission power control (TPC).

Simulation results show that the inter-Node B SHO increases the user throughput at the cell edge by approximately 10% for a short cell radius such as 100-300m due to the diversity gain from a sudden change in other-cell interference, which is a feature specific to full scheduled- based packet access. However, it is also shown that the gain of inter-Node B SHO compared to that for HHO is small in a macrocell environment when the cell radius is longer than approximately 500m due to the gains from hybrid ARQ with packet combining, slow TPC, and proportional fairness based channel-dependent scheduling. • Du, J.; Kimball, J.

S.; Jones, L. 2015-12-01 Accurate mapping of soil moisture and its spatial-temporal variations are of great significance to scientific studies on global water, energy and carbon cycles as well as operational applications including flood and drought monitoring, water resources management and crop yield forecasts. An approach for deriving volumetric soil moisture using satellite passive microwave radiometry from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometers AMSR-E and AMSR2 was developed in this study.

The algorithm adopts a weighted averaging strategy for soil moisture estimation based on a dynamic selection of empirically determined vegetation single-scatter albedo values. The resulting soil moisture retrievals demonstrate more realistic global patterns and seasonal dynamics relative to the baseline University of Montana ( UMT) soil moisture product. Quantitative analysis of the new approach against in situ soil moisture measurements over four global study regions also indicates significant improvement over the baseline algorithm, with coefficients of determination (R2) between the retrievals and in-situ measurements increasing by approximately 16.9% and 41.5% respectively; and bias-corrected RMSEs decreasing by about 25.0% and 38.2% for respective ascending and descending orbital data records. Initial comparisons between soil moisture retrievals from AMSR2 and SMAP indicate coherent global and seasonal patterns. • Di Fazio, Antonella; Dricot, Fabienne; Tata, Francesco 2003-07-01 The demand for mobile information services coupled with positioning technologies for delivering value- added services that depend on a user's location has rapidly increased during last years.

In particular, services and applications related with improved mobility safety and transport efficiency look very attractive.Solutions for location services vary in respect of positioning accuracy and the technical infrastructure required, and the associated investment in terminals and networks. From the analysis of the state-of-the art, it comes that various technologies are currently available on the European market, while mobile industry is gearing up to launch a wide variety of location services like tracking, alarming and locating.Nevertheless, when addressing safety of life as well as security applications, severe hurdles have to be posed in the light of existing technologies. Existing navigation (e.g. GPS) and communication systems are not able to completely satisfy the needs and requirements of safety-of-life-critical applications.