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A basic step-by-step guide with screen shots for new Linux desktop users. Topic: Installing New Packages on Linux.

Description is the next upcoming major version of, a package manager for RPM-based Linux distributions. It roughly maintains CLI compatibility with Yum and defines a strict API for extensions and plugins. Plugins can modify or extend features of DNF or provide additional CLI commands on top of those mentioned below. If you know the name of such a command (including commands mentioned below), you may find/install the package which provides it using the appropriate virtual provide in the form of dnf-command(), where is the name of the command; e.g.``dnf install ‘dnf-command(versionlock)’`` installs a versionlock plugin. This approach also applies to specifying dependencies of packages that require a particular DNF command.

Return values: • 0: Operation was successful. • 1: An error occurred, which was handled by dnf.

• 3: An unknown unhandled error occurred during operation. • 100: See • 200: There was a problem with acquiring or releasing of locks. Available commands: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Additional information: • • • • • • • • • •. Options -4 Resolve to IPv4 addresses only. -6 Resolve to IPv6 addresses only. --advisory=, --advisories= Includes packages corresponding to the advisory ID, Eg.

Applicable for install, repoquery, updateinfo, and upgrade command. --allowerasing Allow erasing of installed packages to resolve dependencies.

This option could be used as an alternative to yum swap command where packages to remove are not explicitly defined. --assumeno Automatically answer no for all questions -b, --best Try the best available package versions in transactions. Specifically during, which by default skips over updates that can not be installed for dependency reasons, the switch forces DNF to only consider the latest packages.

When running into packages with broken dependencies, DNF will fail giving a reason why the latest version can not be installed. --bugfix Includes packages that fix a bugfix issue. Applicable for install, repoquery, updateinfo, and upgrade command.

--bz= Includes packages that fix a Bugzilla ID, Eg. Applicable for install, repoquery, updateinfo, and upgrade command. -C, --cacheonly Run entirely from system cache, don’t update the cache and use it even in case it is expired. DNF uses a separate cache for each user under which it executes. The cache for the root user is called the system cache.

This switch allows a regular user read-only access to the system cache which usually is more fresh than the user’s and thus he does not have to wait for metadata sync. --comment= add a comment to transaction history -c, --config= config file location --cve= Includes packages that fix a CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) ID (), Eg. Applicable for install, repoquery, updateinfo, and upgrade command. -d, --debuglevel= Debugging output level. This is an integer value between 0 (no additional information strings) and 10 (shows all debugging information, even that not understandable to the user), default is 2. Deprecated, use -v instead. --debugsolver Dump data aiding in dependency solver debugging into./debugdata.

Disable the config file excludes. Takes one of three options: • all, disables all config file excludes • main, disables excludes defined in the [main] section • repoid, disables excludes defined for the given repo --disableplugin= Disable the listed plugins specified by names or globs. --disablerepo= Disable specific repositories by an id or a glob. This option is mutually exclusive with --repo. --downloaddir= Redirect downloaded packages to provided directory. The option has to by used together with - command line option or with download command (dnf-plugins-core). --downloadonly Download resolved package set without performing any rpm transaction (install/upgrade/erase).

-e, --errorlevel= Error output level. This is an integer value between 0 (no error output) and 10 (shows all error messages), default is 2. Deprecated, use -v instead. --enableplugin= Enable the listed plugins specified by names or globs. --enablerepo= Enable additional repositories by an id or a glob.

--enhancement Include enhancement relevant packages. Applicable for install, repoquery, updateinfo, and upgrade command. -x, --exclude= Exclude packages specified by from the operation.

--forcearch= Force the use of an architecture. Any architecture can be specified. However, use of an architecture not supported natively by your CPU will require emulation of some kind. This is usually through QEMU. -h, --help Show the help. --installroot= Specifies an alternative installroot, relative to where all packages will be installed. Think of this like doing chroot dnf except using --installroot allows dnf to work before the chroot is created.

• cachedir, log files, releasever, and gpgkey are taken from or stored in installroot. Gpgkeys are imported into installroot from path, related to the host, described in.repo file. • config file and are searched inside the installroot first.

If they are not present, they are taken from host system. Note: When a path is specified within command line argument ( --config= in case of config file and --setopt=reposdir= for reposdir) then this path is always related to the host with no exceptions. • The pluginpath and pluginconfpath are not related to installroot.

Note: You may also want to use the command-line option --releasever= when creating the installroot otherwise the $releasever value is taken from the rpmdb within the installroot (and thus it is empty at time of creation, the transaction will fail). If --releasever=/ is used, the releasever will be detected from host ( /) system.

The new installroot path at time of creation does not contain repository, releasever, and dnf.conf file. Installroot examples: dnf --installroot= --releasever= install system-release Sets permanently the releasever of the system within directory from given. Dnf --installroot= --setopt=reposdir= --config /path/dnf.conf upgrade Upgrade packages inside of installroot from repository described by --setopt using configuration from /path/dnf.conf --newpackage Include newpackage relevant packages.

Applicable for install, repoquery, updateinfo, and upgrade command. --noautoremove disable removal of dependencies that are no longer used.

It sets conf option to False. --nodocs do not install documentation by using rpm flag ‘RPMTRANS_FLAG_NODOCS’ --nogpgcheck skip checking GPG signatures on packages --noplugins Disable all plugins. --obsoletes This option has an effect on an install/update, it enables dnf’s obsoletes processing logic.

For more information see the. This option also affects the, it displays capabilities that the package obsoletes. Configuration Option: -q, --quiet In combination with a non-interactive command it shows just the relevant content. It suppresses messages notifying about current state or actions of DNF.

-R, --randomwait= maximum command wait time --refresh set metadata as expired before running the command --releasever= configure DNF as if the distribution release was. This can affect cache paths, values in configuration files and mirrorlist URLs. --repofrompath, Specify a path or url to a repository (same path as in a baseurl) to add to the repositories for this query.

This option can be used multiple times. The repo label for the repository is specified. If you want to view only the packages from this repository, combine this with with --repo= or --disablerepo='*' switches. The repo label for the repository is specified. --repo= Enable just specific repositories by an id or a glob.

Can be used multiple times with accumulative effect. It is basically shortcut for --disablerepo='*' --enablerepo= and is mutually exclusive with --disablerepo option. --rpmverbosity= RPM debug scriptlet output level. Sets the debug level to for RPM scriptlets. For available levels, see rpmverbosity configuration option. --sec-severity=, --secseverity= Includes packages that provides a fix for issue of the specified severity.

Applicable for install, repoquery, updateinfo, and upgrade command. --security Includes packages that provides a fix for security issue. Applicable for upgrade command. --setopt== override a config option from the config file.

To override config options from repo files, use repoid.option for the. Conf options like excludepkgs, includepkgs, installonlypkgs, and tsflags work as append option, therefore they are not overridden but the value is appended. If there is no value like --setopt=tsflags= it remove all values in append options. --skip-broken Resolve depsolve problems by removing packages that are causing problems from the transaction. It is alias for configuration option with False value. --showduplicates show duplicates, in repos, in list/search commands -v, --verbose verbose operation, show debug messages.

--version show DNF version and exit -y, --assumeyes Automatically answer yes for all questions List options are comma-separated. Command-line options override respective settings from configuration files. This is an alias for command with clean_requirements_on_remove set to True.

It removes the specified packages from the system along with any packages depending on the packages being removed. Each can be either a, which specifies a package directly, or a @, which specifies an (environment) group which contains it. It also removes any dependencies that are no longer needed. There are also a few specific autoremove commands autoremove-n, autoremove-na and autoremove-nevra that allow the specification of an exact argument in NEVRA (name-epoch:version-release.architecture) format. This command by default does not force a sync of expired metadata. Non-interactively checks if updates of the specified packages are available. If no are given, checks whether any updates at all are available for your system.

DNF exit code will be 100 when there are updates available and a list of the updates will be printed, 0 if not and 1 if an error occurs. Please note that having a specific newer version available for an installed package (and reported by check-update) does not imply that subsequent dnf upgrade will install it. The difference is that dnf upgrade must also ensure the satisfiability of all dependencies and other restrictions.

Output is affected by config option. Clean Command Performs cleanup of temporary files kept for repositories. This includes any such data left behind from disabled or removed repositories as well as for different distribution release versions.

Dnf clean dbcache Removes cache files generated from the repository metadata. This forces DNF to regenerate the cache files the next time it is run. Dnf clean expire-cache Marks the repository metadata expired. DNF will re-validate the cache for each repo the next time it is used.

Dnf clean metadata Removes repository metadata. Those are the files which DNF uses to determine the remote availability of packages. Using this option will make DNF download all the metadata the next time it is run.

Dnf clean packages Removes any cached packages from the system. Dnf clean all Does all of the above. Group Command Groups are virtual collections of packages. DNF keeps track of groups that the user selected (“marked”) installed and can manipulate the comprising packages with simple commands. Dnf [options] group [summary] Display overview of how many groups are installed and available. With a spec, limit the output to the matching groups. Summary is the default groups subcommand.

Dnf [options] group info Display package lists of a group. Shows which packages are installed or available from a repo when -v is used. Dnf [options] group install [--with-optional]. Mark the specified group installed and install packages it contains. Also include optional packages of the group if --with-optional is specified. All mandatory and Default packages will be installed whenever possible.

Conditional packages are installed if they meet their requirement. If group is already (partially) installed, command installs missing packages from the group. Dnf [options] group list. List all matching groups, either among installed or available groups. If nothing is specified list all known groups.

Options --installed and --available narrows down the requested list. Records are ordered by display_order tag defined in comps.xml file. Provides a list of all hidden groups by using option --hidden. Provides more detailed information when -v option is used. Dnf [options] group remove.

Mark the group removed and remove those packages in the group from the system which are neither comprising another installed group and were not installed explicitly by the user. Dnf [options] group upgrade.

Upgrades the packages from the group and upgrades the group itself. The latter comprises of installing pacakges that were added to the group by the distribution and removing packages that got removed from the group as far as they were not installed explicitly by the user.

Groups can also be marked installed or removed without physically manipulating any packages: dnf [options] group mark install. Mark the specified group installed. No packages will be installed by this command but the group is then considered installed.

Dnf [options] group mark remove. Mark the specified group removed. No packages will be removed by this command.

History Command The history command allows the user to view what has happened in past transactions and act according to this information (assuming the history_record configuration option is set). Dnf history [list] [.] The default history action is listing information about given transactions in a table. Each can be either a, which specifies a transaction directly, or a., which specifies a range of transactions, or a, which specifies a transaction by a package which it manipulated. When no transaction is specified, list all known transactions. Dnf history info [.] Describe the given transactions. The meaning of is the same as in the. When no transaction is specified, describe what happened during the latest transaction.

Dnf history redo Repeat the specified transaction. Uses the last transaction (with highest ID) if more than one transaction for given is found. If it is not possible to redo some operations due to the current state of RPMDB, it will not redo the transaction. Dnf history rollback Undo all transactions performed after the specified transaction. Uses the last transaction (with highest ID) if more than one transaction for given is found. If it is not possible to undo some transactions due to the current state of RPMDB, it will not undo any transaction.

Dnf history undo Perform the opposite operation to all operations performed in the specified transaction. Uses the last transaction (with highest ID) if more than one transaction for given is found. If it is not possible to undo some operations due to the current state of RPMDB, it will not undo the transaction. Dnf history userinstalled It will show all installonly packages, packages installed outside of DNF and packages not installed as dependency.

It lists packages that will stay on the system when or along with clean_requirements_on_remove configuration option set to True is executed. Note the same results can be accomplished with dnf repoquery --userinstalled, and the repoquery command is more powerful in formatting of the output.

This command by default does not force a sync of expired metadata, except for the redo, rollback, and undo subcommands. See also and. Install Command dnf [options] install. DNF makes sure that the given packages and their dependencies are installed on the system. Each can be either a, or a @.

If a given package or provide cannot be (and is not already) installed, the exit code will be non-zero. When that specify exact version of the package is given, DNF will install the desired version, no matter which version of the package is already installed.

The former version of the package will be removed in the case of non-installonly package. There are also a few specific install commands install-n, install-na and install-nevra that allow the specification of an exact argument in NEVRA format. Install Examples dnf install tito Install package tito (tito is package name). Dnf install ~/Downloads/tito-0.6.2-1.fc22.noarch.rpm Install local rpm file tito-0.6.2-1.fc22.noarch.rpm from ~/Downloads/ directory. Dnf install tito-0.5.6-1.fc22 Install package with specific version. If the package is already installed it will automatically try to downgrade or upgrade to specific version. Dnf --best install tito Install the latest available version of package.

If the package is already installed it will automatically try to upgrade to the latest version. If the latest version of package cannot be installed, the installation fail. Dnf install vim DNF will automatically recognize that vim is not a package name, but provide, and install a package that provides vim with all required dependencies. Note: Package name match has precedence over package provides match. Dnf install Install package directly from URL. Dnf install '@Web Server' Install environmental group ‘Web Server’ dnf install /usr/bin/rpmsign Install a package that provides /usr/bin/rpmsign file.

Dnf -y install tito --setopt=install_weak_deps=False Install package tito (tito is package name) without weak deps. Weak deps are not required for core functionality of the package, but they enhance the original package (like extended documentation, plugins, additional functions, ). List Command Dumps lists of packages depending on the packages’ relation to the system.

A package is installed if it is present in the RPMDB, and it is available if it is not installed but it is present in a repository that DNF knows about. The list command can also limit the displayed packages according to other criteria, e.g. To only those that update an installed package.

The option in configuration file (.conf) might influence the result, but if the command line option - is used, it ensure that all installed packages will be listed. All the forms take a [.] parameter to further limit the result to only those packages matching it. Dnf [options] list [--all] [.] Lists all packages known to us, present in the RPMDB, in a repo or in both. Dnf [options] list --installed [.] Lists installed packages. Dnf [options] list --available [.] Lists available packages. Dnf [options] list --extras [.] Lists extras, that is packages installed on the system that are not available in any known repository. Dnf [options] list --obsoletes [.] List the packages installed on the system that are obsoleted by packages in any known repository.

Dnf [options] list --recent [.] List packages recently added into the repositories. Dnf [options] list --upgrades [.] List upgrades available for the installed packages. Dnf [options] list --autoremove List packages which will be removed by dnf autoremove command. This command by default does not force a sync of expired metadata. Makecache Command dnf [options] makecache Downloads and caches in binary format metadata for all known repos. Tries to avoid downloading whenever possible (e.g.

When the local metadata hasn’t expired yet or when the metadata timestamp hasn’t changed). Dnf [options] makecache --timer Like plain makecache but instructs DNF to be more resource-aware, meaning will not do anything if running on battery power and will terminate immediately if it’s too soon after the last successful makecache run (see dnf.conf(5), ). Mark Command dnf mark install. Marks the specified packages as installed by user. This can be useful if any package was installed as a dependency and is desired to stay on the system when or along with clean_requirements_on_remove configuration option set to True is executed.

Dnf mark remove. Unmarks the specified packages as installed by user. Whenever you as a user don’t need a specific package you can mark it for removal. The package stays installed on the system but will be removed when or along with clean_requirements_on_remove configuration option set to True is executed. You should use this operation instead of if you’re not sure whether the package is a requirement of other user installed packages on the system. Dnf mark group. Marks the specified packages as installed by group.

This can be useful if any package was installed as a dependency or a user and is desired to be protected and handled as a group member like during group remove. Remove Command dnf [options] remove. Removes the specified packages from the system along with any packages depending on the packages being removed. Each can be either a, which specifies a package directly, or a @, which specifies an (environment) group which contains it. If clean_requirements_on_remove is enabled (the default) also removes any dependencies that are no longer needed. Dnf [options] remove --duplicates Removes older version of duplicated packages. Dnf [options] remove --oldinstallonly Removes old installonly packages keeping only installonly_limit latest versions.

There are also a few specific remove commands remove-n, remove-na and remove-nevra that allow the specification of an exact argument in NEVRA format. Repoquery Command dnf [options] repoquery [] [] [] Searches the available DNF repositories for selected packages and displays the requested information about them. It is an equivalent of rpm -q for remote repositories. Dnf [options] repoquery --querytags Provides list of recognized tags by repoquery option - There are also a few specific repoquery commands repoquery-n, repoquery-na and repoquery-nevra that allow the specification of an exact argument in NEVRA format (does not affect arguments of options like –whatprovides, ). Select Options Together with, control what packages are displayed in the output. If is given, the set of resulting packages matching the specification.

All packages are considered if no is specified. Package specification like: name[-[epoch:]version[-release]][.arch]. -a, --all Query all packages (for rpmquery compatibility / shorthand for repoquery ‘*’ or repoquery without arguments). --arch [.] Limit the resulting set only to packages of selected architectures. (The default is all architectures.) In some cases the result is affected by basearch of running system, therefore to run repoquery for an arch incompatible with your system use the --forcearch= option to change the basearch. --duplicates Limit the resulting set to installed duplicated packages (i.e.

More package versions for the same name and architecture). Installonly packages are excluded from this set. --unneeded Limit the resulting set to leaves packages that were installed as dependencies so they are no longer needed. This switch lists packages that are going to be removed after executing dnf autoremove command. --available Limit the resulting set to available packages only (set by default). --extras Limit the resulting set to packages that are not present in any of available repositories. -f, --file Limit the resulting set only to package that owns.

--installed Limit the resulting set to installed packages. The option in configuration file (.conf) might influence the result, but if the command line option - is used, it ensures that all installed packages will be listed. --installonly Limit the resulting set to installed installonly packages. --latest-limit Limit the resulting set to of latest packages for every package name and architecture. If is negative skip of latest packages. If negative number is supplied use syntax --latest-limit=.

--recent Limit the resulting set to packages that were recently edited. --repo Limit the resulting set only to packages from repo identified.

Can be used multiple times with accumulative effect. --unsatisfied Report unsatisfied dependencies among installed packages (i.e. Missing requires and and existing conflicts). --upgrades Limit the resulting set to packages that provide an upgrade for some already installed package. --userinstalled Limit the resulting set to packages instaled by user. The option in configuration file (.conf) might influence the result, but if the command line option - is used, it ensures that all installed packages will be listed. --whatdepends Limit the resulting set only to packages that require, enhance, recommend, suggest, or supplement.

--whatconflicts Limit the resulting set only to packages that conflict. --whatenhances Limit the resulting set only to packages that enhance. --whatobsoletes Limit the resulting set only to packages that obsolete.

--whatprovides Limit the resulting set only to packages that provide. --whatrecommends Limit the resulting set only to packages that recommend.

--whatrequires Limit the resulting set only to packages that require. --whatsuggests Limit the resulting set only to packages that suggest. --whatsupplements Limit the resulting set only to packages that supplement. --alldeps This option is stackable with --whatrequires or --whatdepends only.

Additionally it adds to the result set all packages requiring the package features (used as default). --exactdeps This option is stackable with --whatrequires or --whatdepends only. Limit the resulting set only to packages that require specified by –whatrequires. --srpm Operate on corresponding source RPM.

Repository-Packages Command The repository-packages command allows the user to run commands on top of all packages in the repository named. However, any dependency resolution takes into account packages from all enabled repositories. Specifications and further limit the candidates to only those packages matching at least one of them. Info subcommand lists description and summary information about packages depending on the packages’ relation to the repository. List subcommand just dumps lists of that packages.

Dnf [options] repository-packages check-update [.] Non-interactively checks if updates of the specified packages in the repository are available. DNF exit code will be 100 when there are updates available and a list of the updates will be printed. Dnf [options] repository-packages info [--all] [.] List all related packages. Dnf [options] repository-packages info --installed [.] List packages installed from the repository. Dnf [options] repository-packages info --available [.] List packages available in the repository but not currently installed on the system.

Dnf [options] repository-packages info --extras [.] List packages installed from the repository that are not available in any repository. Dnf [options] repository-packages info --obsoletes [.] List packages in the repository that obsolete packages installed on the system. Dnf [options] repository-packages info --recent [.] List packages recently added into the repository. Dnf [options] repository-packages info --upgrades [.] List packages in the repository that upgrade packages installed on the system. Dnf [options] repository-packages install [.] Install all packages in the repository.

Dnf [options] repository-packages list [--all] [.] List all related packages. Dnf [options] repository-packages list --installed [.] List packages installed from the repository. Dnf [options] repository-packages list --available [.] List packages available in the repository but not currently installed on the system.

Dnf [options] repository-packages list --extras [.] List packages installed from the repository that are not available in any repository. Dnf [options] repository-packages list --obsoletes [.] List packages in the repository that obsolete packages installed on the system. Dnf [options] repository-packages list --recent [.] List packages recently added into the repository. Dnf [options] repository-packages list --upgrades [.] List packages in the repository that upgrade packages installed on the system. Dnf [options] repository-packages move-to [.] Reinstall all those packages that are available in the repository. Dnf [options] repository-packages reinstall [.] Run reinstall-old subcommand.

If it fails, run move-to subcommand. Dnf [options] repository-packages reinstall-old [.] Reinstall all those packages that were installed from the repository and simultaneously are available in the repository.

Dnf [options] repository-packages remove [.] Remove all packages installed from the repository along with any packages depending on the packages being removed. If clean_requirements_on_remove is enabled (the default) also removes any dependencies that are no longer needed. Dnf [options] repository-packages remove-or-distro-sync [.] Select all packages installed from the repository. Upgrade, downgrade or keep those of them that are available in another repository to match the latest version available there and remove the others along with any packages depending on the packages being removed. If clean_requirements_on_remove is enabled (the default) also removes any dependencies that are no longer needed. Dnf [options] repository-packages remove-or-reinstall [.] Select all packages installed from the repository. Reinstall those of them that are available in another repository and remove the others along with any packages depending on the packages being removed.

If clean_requirements_on_remove is enabled (the default) also removes any dependencies that are no longer needed. Dnf [options] repository-packages upgrade [.] Update all packages to the highest resolvable version available in the repository.

Dnf [options] repository-packages upgrade-to. Update packages to the specified versions that are available in the repository. Upgrade-to is deprecated alias for the upgrade subcommand. Shell Command dnf [options] shell [filename] Open an interactive shell for conducting multiple commands during a single execution of DNF. These commands can be issued manually or passed to DNF from a file. The commands are much the same as the normal DNF command line options.

There are a few additional commands documented below. Config [conf-option] [value] • Set a config option to a requested value. If no value is given it prints the current value. Repo [list enable disable] [repo-id] • list: list repositories and their status • enable: enable repository • disable: disable repository transaction [list reset solve run] • list: resolve and list the content of the transaction • reset: reset the transaction • run: resolve and run the transaction.

Updateinfo Command dnf [options] updateinfo [--summary --list --info] [] [.] Display information about update advisories. Depending on output type, DNF displays just counts of advisory types (omitted or --summary), list of advisories ( --list) or detailed information ( --info). When --info with -v option is used, the information is even more detailed. Specifies whether advisories about newer versions of installed packages (omitted or available), advisories about equal and older versions of installed packages ( installed), advisories about newer versions of those installed packages for which a newer version is available ( updates) or advisories about any versions of installed packages ( all) are taken into account. Most of the time, available and updates displays the same output.

The outputs differ only in the cases when an advisory refers to a newer version but there is no enabled repository which contains any newer version. If given and if neither ID, type ( bugfix, enhancement, security/ sec) nor a package name of an advisory does match, the advisory is not taken into account. The matching is case-sensitive and in the case of advisory IDs and package names, globbing is supported. Output of option --summary is affected by config option. Upgrade Command dnf [options] upgrade Updates each package to the latest version that is both available and resolvable. Dnf [options] upgrade.

Updates each specified package to the latest available version. Updates dependencies as necessary. Dnf [options] upgrade. Upgrades packages to the specified versions.

If the main obsoletes configure option is true or the --obsoletes flag is present dnf will include package obsoletes in its calculations. For more information see.

Specifying Packages Many commands take a parameter that selects a package for the operation. DNF looks for interpretations of the parameter from the most commonly used meanings to the least, that is it tries to see if the given spec fits one of the following patterns (in decreasing order of priority): • name.arch • name • name-[epoch:]version-release.arch • name-[epoch:]version-release • name-[epoch:]version Note that name can in general contain dashes (e.g. Failing to match the input argument to an existing package name based on the patterns above, DNF tries to see if the argument matches an existing provide. Jurmana Movie Songs Free Download.

By default, if multiple versions of the selected package exist in the repo, the most recent version suitable for the given operation is used. If the selected package exists for multiple architectures, the packages which best match the system’s architecture will be preferred. The name specification is case-sensitive, globbing characters “?, * and [ are allowed and trigger shell-like glob matching. If globbing character is present in name, DNF expands given name first and consequently selects all packages matching expanded. Is similar to except the provides matching is never attempted there. Is similar to except it considers only installed packages.

Metadata Synchronization Correct operation of DNF depends on having access to up-to-date data from all enabled repositories but contacting remote mirrors on every operation considerably slows it down and costs bandwidth for both the client and the repository provider. The (see dnf.conf(5)) repo config option is used by DNF to determine whether particular local copy of repository data is due to be re-synced. It is crucial that the repository providers set the option well, namely to a value where it is guaranteed that if particular metadata was available in time T on the server, then all packages it references will still be available for download from the server in time T + metadata_expire. To further reduce the bandwidth load, some of the commands where having up-to-date metadata is not critical (e.g.

The list command) do not look at whether a repository is expired and whenever any version of it is locally available to the user’s account, it will be used. For non-root use, see also the --cacheonly switch. Note that in all situations the user can force synchronization of all enabled repositories with the --refresh switch.